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When we talk about viral infections such as Epstein-Barr (EBV) or Cytomegalovirus (CMV), we tend to think in terms of whether we “have the virus or not.” However, the reality is more complex: many of these viruses remain in the body in a latent form for life.
The key is not only whether it is present, but how the immune system responds to it.
Beyond serology: understanding the cellular response
Traditional serology tests can tell whether we have been exposed to a virus by measuring antibodies such as IgG or IgM. However, they do not always reflect what is happening at that moment.
This is where the cellular response, mediated by T lymphocytes, comes into play, making it possible to assess whether the immune system is properly controlling the virus or whether there is an impairment in that control.
Latent phase vs lytic phase: what does it mean?
Viruses such as EBV or CMV can be in two main states:
- Latent phase: the virus remains in the body but is under control, with no significant activity. In most cases, it causes no symptoms.
- Active (lytic) phase: the virus reactivates and begins to replicate, which may be associated with viral reactivations, even without obvious symptoms.
Unlike other tests, cellular response studies can distinguish whether the immune response is directed at a latent or active (lytic) phase, helping to better understand the virus’s behaviour in the body.
Knowing this difference helps to understand:
- The virus’s current status
- The immune system’s ability to keep it under control
- The possible presence of viral reactivation or persistence
A more complete picture of the immune system
Cellular response studies make it possible to go beyond simply detecting the virus and analyse how the body reacts to it in real time.
This approach provides a more complete view of the balance between the virus and the immune system, especially in situations where other tests are inconclusive.
👉 Find out what these studies include on our website
